This is a guide to IPA formatting for High Karanesa and New Karanesa.
Karanesa IPA
In the below table, examples are given in English if unspecified.
| IPA | New Karanesa | High Karanesa | Description | IPA | New Karanesa | High Karanesa | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | p | p | p in lisp[1] | j | y | y | y in yes |
| b | b | b | b in boy | w | w | w | w in war |
| t | t | t | t in star | ɺ | l | r in Japanese yaru[2] | |
| d | d | d | d in den | tɬ | l | tl in Nahuan axolotl | |
| k | k | k | k in mask | dɮ | ll | Similar to tl in English axolotl[3] | |
| g | g | g | g in game | r | r | Irish and Spanish trilled r | |
| ʔ | k | tt in bottle (Received Pronunciation) | ɾ | r | t in water (General American) | ||
| m | m | m | m in mark | i | i | i | ee in meet |
| n | n | n | n in man | ɨ | î, û | á | ы in Russian ты (ty) |
| ɲ | ny | ny | ñ in Spanish jalapeño[4] | u | u | u | French où |
| ŋ | ng | ng | n in bank | e | e | é | ee in German Seele[5] |
| tʃ | c | c | tch in patch | ə | â | a in comma | |
| dʒ | j | j | j in June | o | o | ó | o in Spanish perro |
| s | s | s | s in mass | iə̯ | î | Similar to a in bang (General American)[6] | |
| z | z | s in tease | aə̯ | â | Similar to are (Received Pronunciation) | ||
| dz | z | dz in kudzu | uə̯ | û | oa in goat[7] | ||
| ʃ | sh | sh | sh in mash | ɛ | ê | e | e in bet |
| ʒ | zh | zh | si in vision | ɔ | ô | o | augh in English caught[8] |
| f | f | f | f in father | a | a | a | Like a in father |
| θ | th | th | th in math(s)[9] | Diacritic examples | |||
| ð | dh | th in soothe | əː | â | Lengthens the preceding sound | ||
| x | h | h | j in Spanish jalapeño[10] | á ē ò ə̏ | Tone levels: high, middle, low, very low | ||
| ɣ | rh | Like r in German Rost | î ǔ | Tone contours: falling, rising[11] | |||
| ʎ | ly | lh in Portuguese alho | ˈa ˌa | Stress: primary, secondary | |||
- ↑ The voiceless plosives in this table all are pronounced without aspiration or voicing; English plosives only consistently have neither after /s/.
- ↑ In Japanese IPA, this sound is usually transcribed as [ɾ]. However, this sound is truly lateral in some dialects, and is also used in loans where English and Sinitic have /l/.
- ↑ In some dialects, /dɮ/ is pronounced extremely close to this example, as [dɫ]. However, this sound is prototypically produced as an affricate, like pronouncing [dʒ] and [l] at the same time.
- ↑ In English this is often nativized to /n/ due to its spelling, but the Spanish word retains /ɲ/.
- ↑ More closely matches High Karanesa's long vowel [eː].
- ↑ /æ/ raising is highly variable in General American, but when it happens, it usually happens in this context and usually results in something like [eə̯], which is similar to this sound.
- ↑ While written as uə̯, common allophones for this sound are [ɯɵ] and [ʌː], both of which are similar to this vowel in various English dialects.
- ↑ In American dialects, this is typically [ɑ] due to vowel mergers.
- ↑ Example word is usually plural in Britain and Australia.
- ↑ As this does not contrast with any other h-like sound in High Karanesa, English <h> is a good approximation of this sound.
- ↑ Karanesa IPA on this website rarely uses the specific diacritics for mid-falling, mid-rising, and so on, as generally speaking, the contour for these tones is based on the adjacent tones.