High Karanesa

High Karanesa 
Pronunciation	[tʃàsˈtɛ̂kʰǎɾān]
Created by	–
Setting and usage	Spectradom
Native speakers	Several million
Purpose	Nentan
Writing system	Castedan Razhidan Latin (English alphabet)
Official status
Official language in	Republic of Karan
Language codes
ISO 639-3	RKD
ELP

High Karanesa (IPA: [tʃàsˈtɛ̂kʰǎɾān])is a Nentan language spoken in eastern Quillan. It is the language of the Republic of Karan.

Phonology

Main article: Rokadong phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

	Labial		alveolar		Post- alveolar/ palatal		Velar
Nasal		m		n		ɲ		ŋ
Stop	p	b	t	d	t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	k	g
Sibilant			s	(z)	ʃ	ʒ
Fricative	f		θ	(ð)			x
Approximant						j		w
Lateral			t͡ɬ	d͡ɮ		ʎ
Tap				ɾ

Notes

• Nasal and sibilant consonants lose their contrast before stop consonants. However, they still contrast in all other positions
• Morpheme-final voiceless plosives all lose their contrast, becoming [ʔ]. However, if the following morpheme starts with a vowel, the original sound returns.
• The voiced alveolar fricatives /z ð/ are marginally phonemic, with only loanwords having them consistently. The former is also usually affricated, to [d͡z].
• The voiced alveolar lateral affricate /d͡ɮ/ is often backed, sounding like [dɫ].

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Close-mid	e		o
Centering	iə̯	aə̯~əː	uə̯~ɯɵ̯
Open-mid	e		o
Open		a

Notes

• Centering vowels flatten before approximants and voiced laterals: /iə̯d͡ɮ aə̯ʎ uə̯j/ [ɪːdɮ əːʎ ʌːj].

Stress and accent

Like most Nentan languages, High Karanesa has pitch accent. The stressed syllable, or "root", forms the base of the pitch contour, while adjacent syllables are affected by it. Most other syllables have a mid or "neutral" tone. There are three different pitch patterns:

• Plateau tone: the accented syllable is high, and the following syllable is high-falling. If the second syllable is stressed, most High Karanesa dialects also give the preceding syllable a mid-falling pitch.
• Valley tone: the accented syllable is high-falling, and the following syllable is mid-rising.
• Summit tone: the accented syllable is low-rising, and the following syllable is high-falling.

Some dialects appear to have a fourth tone, with no standard name but often called "open ocean tone" or "anti-plateau tone." The accented syllable is low, often lower even than summit tone, and the preceding syllable is mid-falling. This is associated with an onset backed /k/, which is why it is debated whether or not this is a phonemic tone. If it is one, then High Karanesa is tied for the most pitch accent patterns in the Nentan family.

Orthography

High Karanesa may be either written using the Latin alphabet or one of the two native scripts: the calligraphic castedan, or the blockletter razhidan.

Consonants

Consonant clusters that end in y drop the y before c or j, and change it to an i at the end of a word.

Consonant phonemes

	Labial		alveolar		Post- alveolar/ palatal		Velar
Nasal		m		n		ny		ng
Stop	p	b	t	d	c	j	k	g
Sibilant			s	z	sh	zh
Fricative	f		th	dh			h
Approximant						y		w
Lateral			l	ll		ly
Tap				r

Vowels

Final i and u are not pronounced at the end of a morpheme. However, the former indicates that the following consonant is palatalized, and both vowels reappear when an affix is applied to the word (but not in compound words, where they are instead dropped entirely).

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i 	á 	u 
Close-mid	é 		ó 
Centering	î 	â 	û 
Open-mid	e 		o 
Open		a 